Henri Murger's collection of short stories Scènes de la vie de bohème ( Scenes of Bohemian Life), published in 1845, was written to glorify and legitimize the bohemian lifestyle. A Bohemian is simply an artist or " littérateur" who, consciously or unconsciously, secedes from conventionality in life and in art. The term bohemian has come to be very commonly accepted in our day as the description of a certain kind of literary gypsy, no matter in what language he speaks, or what city he inhabits. Her signature aria declares love itself to be a "gypsy child" ( enfant de Bohême), going where it pleases and obeying no laws. The title character in Carmen (1876), a French opera set in the Spanish city of Seville, is referred to as a "bohémienne" in Meilhac and Halévy's libretto. Use of the French and English terms to refer to the Romani is now old-fashioned and archaic, respectively, and both the French and English terms carry a connotation of arcane enlightenment (and are considered antonyms of the word philistine) and the less frequently intended, pejorative connotation of carelessness about personal hygiene and marital fidelity. Not only were Romani called bohémiens in French because they were believed to have come to France from Bohemia, but literary bohemians and the Romani were both outsiders, apart from conventional society and untroubled by its disapproval.
Literary and artistic bohemians were associated in the French imagination with the roving Romani people. Bohemianism and its adjective bohemian in this specific context are not connected to the native inhabitants of this region (the Czechs). Bohémien was a common term for the Romani people of France, who were mistakenly thought to have reached France in the 15th century via Bohemia (the western part of modern Czech Republic). The term bohemianism emerged in France in the early 19th century, out of perceived similarities between the Bohemians and the Romani. A more economically privileged, wealthy, or even aristocratic bohemian circle is sometimes referred to as haute bohème (literally "high Bohemia").
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īohemians were associated with unorthodox or anti-establishment political or social viewpoints, which often were expressed through free love, frugality, and-in some cases- simple living, vandwelling or voluntary poverty.
This use of the word in the English language was imported from French in the mid-19th century and was used to describe the non-traditional lifestyles of artists, writers, journalists, musicians, and actors in major European cities. In this context, bohemians may be wanderers, adventurers, or vagabonds. It involves musical, artistic, literary, or spiritual pursuits.
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, The Bohemian (or Lise the Bohemian), 1868, oil on canvas, Berlin, Germany: Alte Nationalgalerieīohemianism is the practice of an unconventional lifestyle, often in the company of like-minded people and with few permanent ties.
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